

A business plan is central to the success of an enterprise. Nevertheless, particularly in the early stages of a company, little time is often spent on planning, such as the organizational structure and financial planning. The euphoria over the great new product awaiting market entry pushes the necessary and detailed considerations into the background. However, a prudent business plan can save a lot of time and money and increase the probability of success. This applies to both new companies and existing companies undergoing changes due to new products or significant investments.
Differences between Business Plans of Large Companies and Small Businesses or Start-ups
In large companies, business plans or calculations are usually rough compared to start-up business plans and are sometimes limited to the most important costs, such as the number of full-time employees (FTEs) multiplied by an average cost rate plus IT development, product, and sales costs. These are compared to the expected savings or revenue. If this results in a positive business case, budget discussions or implementation can proceed.
In contrast, new or developing small businesses must be much more granular and detailed. It is recommended to first define an appropriate structure. Numerous questions need to be answered, which can have a massive impact on the business plan, business calculations/financial plan, and ultimately the financing requirements. Important questions include the efficient allocation of personnel resources, costs of new employees, the development location of the software or manufacturing site of the product, and the design of sales and partnerships.
When is a Business Plan Needed?
A business plan is generally needed for most fundamental business decisions. These include, among others:
- Company formation
- Introduction of a new product requiring investment
- Purchase or sale of a company
- Financing (banks, venture capital firms, etc.)
- Request for credit or lease financing
- Partner acquisition
What Does a Business Plan Include?
In the context of a start-up business plan, the most important questions should be clarified. General questions about the company, product design, and product lines, market analysis, development/production location, in-house or outsourced development/production, team responsibilities, and required resources are very important, as is financial planning. These and other decisions are documented and aligned. Any inconsistencies become clearer, enabling adjustments to certain decisions.
How Do I Create a Business Plan?
There are simple and good templates, such as those from the State Secretariat for Economic Affairs (SECO), which already list the most important points. It is recommended to use one of these templates, especially at the beginning. This ensures that essential questions are addressed.
Two Key Elements:
Organizational Structure
In the initial euphoria, not enough time is usually spent on relevant questions. Key questions include the company's location and legal form (important for tax considerations), the office concept chosen (fixed rental contract, co-working spaces, etc.), required personnel, product and IT infrastructure development.
While these decisions can often be corrected later, it is usually more expensive and laborious than defining them at the beginning. For example, changing the company headquarters or relocating the office is always possible, but especially when licenses or long-term rental contracts are in place, significant costs can be incurred. The same applies to the production or IT development location. These decisions generally have a significant impact on financial planning and vice versa. If financial planning shows that the planned cost structure does not match revenue, adjustments must be made accordingly.
Financial Planning
Financial planning is one of the most important elements of a business plan. The challenge here is that there are no clear numbers available. While costs can still be estimated through comparative research, expected revenue is harder to determine. This depends heavily on market acceptance, which can be theoretically estimated beforehand but must pass the test of market introduction. Here are some ways to make such an estimate:
- Approximation by calculating the potential market size for the product (total addressable market). The market that represents the target group for the product is calculated. Based on this, an assumed market share can be calculated.
- For an existing or only slightly deviating business model, analysis of other, similar market participants can also be used. For example, price, market penetration, or revenue model can be indicators.
Fundamentally, financial planning for a new company always relies on assumptions that must be constantly reviewed. It may happen that market introduction is delayed, revenues grow more slowly than planned, or costs differ from expectations.
Challenges in Financial Planning for Start-ups
Revenue figures are often calculated too optimistically. The time to achieve and the height of revenue are often overestimated. Simultaneously, costs are generally underestimated. It is recommended to take enough time to calculate costs using freely available sources and only use assumptions if necessary. Since unexpected costs can also arise with good planning, a reserve of about 20% is recommended to cover any unforeseen costs, taxes, etc.
Generally, the business plan must be constantly updated, especially in the early stages when a lot is still in flux.
Tips from Personal Experience
In this article, I would like to offer some tips from my own experience as a business founder for future entrepreneurs. Business plans are usually too optimistic about revenues and too pessimistic about costs. Therefore, the reserve is also very important. It should be considered that building a self-sustaining revenue stream can take longer than planned. The "all-in approach," i.e., fully focusing on the company without other income sources, can quickly lead to financial problems. Therefore, I recommend a gradual build-up of the new company with an external income if possible. This provides financial security for the founders and allows for a longer build-up period.
Especially young companies in an innovation-driven, technology-based environment, such as medical technology, financial technology, etc., rely heavily on future financing rounds. This is understandable, as high initial investments usually need to be made to bring the product to market. Planning with future external financing rounds involves high risk and should be kept as low as possible. If financing fails, the company risks bankruptcy. Therefore, I consider strict cost control to be absolutely crucial, as this is one of the few factors that can be largely influenced. The business plan plays a correspondingly important role.
Brief Profile
Roger Bossard is a lawyer and was a member of senior management in large companies in the financial sector and management consulting for over ten years. In 2016, he founded the alternative financing platform Crowd4Cash and serves as CFO. Since 2023, he has been a lecturer in the field of business modeling in the "Professional in Residence" program (PiR) for highly qualified individuals undergoing reorientation. Additionally, he supports companies as an interim manager.